Research paper on the Borgia Family essays

Research paper on the Borgia Family essays The Borgias were one of the most important families in Italy, during the last years of the renaissance, if not the most important one. Not because of their goodness and kindness, the exact opposite, due to the behavior of some of the members of the family the Borgia name was soon known as a synonym for avarice ,murder and treachery. Their rise to power was in dubitative ways, as well as the their winning of political and economical power. The Borjas ( that was their original last name) were from Spain, from Aragon .There they all lived, as a catholic family. But then they moved to Italy, where they formed their empire Three Borgias became especially important: Alfonso Borgia : He established the Borgias in Italy during the late renaissance. He was born in Dec. 31, 1378, near Jtiva, kingdom of Aragon. He became a priest and in 1444 he was named an archbishop by the Pope Martin V. Latter on April 8, 1455, at the age of 76 he was elected Pope, so he moved to Rome, and several family members followed him and established there. He was named Calixtus III. The first order of his pontificate was to make one crusade to recover Constantinople from the Turks, but this crusade failed. He was successful, however, in raising a fleet that relieved many of the Aegean islands. He also instituted the Feast of the Transfiguration, to commemorate the repulsed of the Turks from Belgrade on August 6,1456. His personal life, was normal compared to the lives of the rest of the Borgias, he did showed favoritism for his nephew Rodrigo Borgia, whom he made general (of the papal forces) and cardinal. He died on Aug. 6, 1458, in Rome. Rodrigo Borgia: He was nephew of Alfonso Borgia (Pope Calixtus III) , his education (he studied law) was paid and supported by him. He was given ecclesiastic benefits while he was a still a teenager. In 1456 he was made cardinal and vice-chancellor of the chu...

neurofibromatosis essays

neurofibromatosis essays Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2 are both autosomal dominant genetic disorders, meaning that one only needs to be born with one abnormal gene to have the condition, and are also both transmitted the same way. The gene responsible for Neurofibromatosis (NF) can either be inherited from a parent, or can occur at random in an individual with no family history of NF due to a spontaneous mutation. Once an individual has the NF gene, there is a 50% chance that said gene will be passed onto a child, due to the genes dominant nature. It is equally possible that a child of a parent with NF will be completely free of the disorder. There are extreme variations witnessed in affected individuals even within the same family. The same NF gene present in different family members can result in varying severity of NF symptoms. For example, a parent suffering from severe NF can have a child with very mild NF. Presently, there is no way to predict the specific symptoms or severity a person affected by NF will develop. The most common form of NF is NF1 (Also known as Von Recklinghausen disease or peripheral NF) occurring in 1:4 000 births. NF1 is usually diagnosed by freckling in the armpit or groin areas, optic glioma (a tumor on the optic nerve), severe scoliosis (curvature of the spine), enlargement of certain bones, caf-au-lait macules (flat coffee-colored patches on the skin), lison nodules (small pigmented lumps in the iris), and neurofibromas (small swellings arising from the fibrous outer lining of nerves) which are often unsightly and surgically removed. Neurofibromas may undergo malignant change to become cancerous, producing neurofibrosarcomas. Most cases of NF1 are mild to moderates, but some may be more severe. Severe NF1 symptoms can include disfigurement, blindness, deafness, skeletal abnormalities, tumors, and learning. Approximately 50% of people with ei ...

Friction Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Friction - Lab Report Example A proof of an increase or decrease in mass of the Newton’s experiment is determined by the force and acceleration achieved from the experiment. Goals: The goal of the experiment is to verify the existence of Newton’s second law by finding the coefficient of static friction, Â µs and the coefficient of kinetic friction, Â µk. using the experiment stated below. Introduction: Have you wondered the make-ups of mechanics? Well Newton’s second law breaks it down into simple understandable terms by providing a means of translating directly between the acceleration and force acting towards a given mass or object. Theoretical background: The experiments are based on the concepts of force and Newton’s Laws of Motion, particularly Newton’s Second Law which states that: the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body, and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. From this definition, the equation Net Force = Mass x Acceleration (Fnet = mass x acceleration) is derived. Air tracks were used to reduce friction; the little amount of friction that remains in the system is negligible in the data. The suspended mass was subject to gravity which has a constant acceleration of -9.81 m/s2. The variables were solved to include: acceleration of the sled, velocities of the sled at each photo-gate, net force acting on the string, and the time taken from release to the first photo-gate and between the photo-gates. Acceleration was calculated using the formula: Acceleration= Velocity/ Time. The experiment is commonly used in mechanics fields to determine the acceleration acti ng towards a given mass or object. ... Theory: The variables to be used in the experiment and their explanation involves F used to show the force, m used to show the mass being used and a used to show the acceleration of the object. The variables used by Newton’s lay emphasis on the net force used exerted on the experiment in question. The relationship between force and motion was initially discussed by Aristotle (384-332B.C). He proposed that the natural state of an object was during rest, and force was required to put an object into motion, therefore, a continuous force was necessary to keep the body in motion. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) argued that a body at rest is a unique case of a more broad case of constant motion. He noted that in the absence of friction acting on a body to slow it down, the body might continue to move in a straight line forever. He proposed that bodies remain at rest or in a state of constant motion unless an external force acts on them to change this motion. Frictional force is a force unlike other forces which accelerate or slows down a moving body (Lerner & Lawrence, page 51). Isaac Newton (1642-1727) sanctified the relationship between force and motion by proposing that the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. This law is summarized by the formula F=ma which is verified quantitatively in this experiment. Work done i.e. physical work defined in terms of physical quantities is expressed as a product of positional change multiplied by the component of force Fx in the displacement direction dx. W = Fx ?x = F?xcos? Where ? is the angle between the direction of displacement and the direction of force. This relationship can be written in the vector dot product form W = Fx The

Theories of Attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theories of Attachment - Essay Example New longer-term research studies had likewise shown that bonding occurs not only if the mother cares for the child but also with the fathers (Belluck, 2011, p. 1) in which fatherhood is a crucial component in raising successfully the child and of nurturing a family. One attachment theory developed by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby had emphasized the need of infants to have one consistent primary caregiver to whom they can attach normally during their social and emotional development, typically from 6 months to 2 years old. Usually, it is the mother that provides the need for an attachment figure but other people may in some cases be acceptable such as the father, the grandmother, the older sibling or close relatives. Another prominent theory on bonding is the one developed by Klaus and Kennell which states that maternal bonding is important which in turn gave rise to the new practice of bringing a new baby to its mother instead of being brought to the nursery. The theory became controversial as they postulated that maternal deprivation can lead to maladjustments later on such as an eating disorder, personality defects, juvenile delinquency and substance abuse by a failure to bond. I believe the attachment theory that is best aligned and integrated with my own views of attachment is the single caregiver theory. Infants stick to one caregiver during their first months of existence and any changes will result in the so-called separation anxiety as the infant grows a bit older and able to recognize faces and voices. It is therefore very vital to have only one person as the primary caregiver, maybe relieved by someone else but only for brief periods of time so as not to cause stress, anxiety, fear or other negative emotions on the baby who sees long periods of separation as a threat to its survival. The attachment theory by Bowlby is now

An Educational Counseling Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

An Educational Counseling Research Proposal Essay Abstract Educational counseling and guidance on the basis of the effects brought about by the media on the learner is essential in the proper development of personality and behavior. Due to the fact that learning process can be measured by the behavior exhibited by an individual, it can be considered as the main indication in the research conducted. The aim of the research is to determine the possible effects of the entertainment media such as television and computers on the development of aggressive behavior of the learner. Upon the determination of such data seek possible methods of guidance. Effect can be studied based on the results of a quantitative educational research that covers 100 students, 6 to 16 years old both male and female, undertaken through survey research. Introduction There are different ways of learning which can be used and applied in educational process. The knowledge on the effective learning techniques can be considered as an essential factor to be able to attain the goals of education. The different types of learning process guide the educators on the most effective ways of attaining the goals which is learning. Included in the types of learning techniques are the behavioral influences brought about by the different factors in the society. One of the most influential factors in the development of the learner is the media. In the behaviorist point of view in lined with the scientific study of Pavlov and Skinner that behavior is a measurable concept in learning process (Griffin, Holford, and Jarvis, 2003). Thus, on the perception of the effects of media on the learner, one of the ways in the determination of the influencing effects of the mass media is through the behavior being shown by the learner. This is similar to the target learning process. Anderson and Collins (1988) have pointed out that television has an impact not only in children’s pre-pubescent behavior but can also affect adolescent behavior. The main goal of the study is to determine the effects of the media on the behavior of the learner and ultimately present educational counseling methods suitable to manage behavioral problems that are developed, particularly aggressive behavior. There is growing concern regarding increasing aggression and violent behavior among children and adolescents this past decade and media is has been one of the factors being Juvenile delinquency has been increasing progressively not only in number but also in gravity (Snieckute, 2004) The shall be undertaken through the synergy of the library-based and the observation and experimental research that will focus on the effects of the media such as television and related information tools on the development of the different aspects of the personality of the individual. The research is in-lined with the possible behavioral problems that can be expressed by the individuals under study. The study of the development of aggressiveness and violent actions as an effect of media in the development of the personality and behavior of the learner is important due to the fact that majority of he study surmised that the media is one of the major causes of the problems in behavior of the learner as a whole. More children are gaining access and are being exposed to media without or with deficient parental supervision and depend on television as their primary form of entertainment and information (Walma van der Molen van der Voort, 1999) This is due to the fact that observation and imitation of the situations in the surroundings is also an effective informal teacher not only cognitively but most especially on the behavioral aspect (Sylwester, 2005). Thus, the behavior of an individual can be both an influential factor that teaches other people and at the same time an indication of the person’s learning. To establish the effects of the media to the learner, researches conducted prior to this study will be surveyed and assessed. The background study will enable the establishment of concepts, prevailing theories and other current research investigations on the influence of media as part of the experimental study, an in-depth analysis of the results of the research survey will be one of the primary objectives The purpose of the study is to be able to determine the validity of television exposure as a major cause of the development of aggressive behavior among children. The objective will be achieved through the research both library-based and qualitative data gathering on the behavior influences of the group. The results of previous studies will be assessed and incorporated into the current research to establish the degree of influence of television to aggression in children. The proposed paper aims to answer the following key questions: †¢ Why is there concern regarding the development of aggressive behavior among juveniles or minors specifically ages 6 to 16 years old in relation to the exposure to media? †¢ What television practices or programming are critical in influencing behavior among juveniles or minors specifically ages 6 to 16 years old? †¢ What are the long term implications to the individuals and society of the development of early aggressive behavior among the test group? In line with the aim to test the hypothesis that the violence presented by the media specifically the television has significant effects on the development of the behavior of the children that can cause concern to educational guidance as well as regarding the detrimental effects of the media such as television to the behavior of the learner, theories on the psychological and behavioral norms serves as the bases for the divergence of attitudes and for the identification of deviant behavior that can cause alarm and leads to actions related to educational counseling. Review of Related Literature The proposed study is on the basis of the behaviorist approach to education. In this principle, learning can be measured by the observable traits and behaviors of the individual. The behaviorist point of view depicts the importance of expression of a person in the determination of a successful learning process. One of the most important is the process of conditioning that can be applied through the process (Griffin, Holford, and Jarvis, 2003). Another key concept that is related to the course of this study is the theories on conditioning. Conditioning that can be explained as the exposure to different affective factors in the environment that can affect both the cognitive and behavioral aspects of development. In the study of Sylwester (2005), it was discussed that learning is greatly affected by the emotions and attention capacity of an individual. In this case it can be identified that young children become more attracted to the television and the computer rather than any forms and tools of learning. According to Walma van der Molen and van der Voort (1999), children today retain more information form television viewing compared to reading. A critical concept presented in the study is the theory that television is catering more to the fact that children tend to be attracted to â€Å"changing environments† and more suited to the learning styles (visual and aural), a competency that Media has as strength (American Association of School Administrators, 1991; â€Å"Learning Styles†, 2006). The main concern that arises in relation to the behavioral influences brought about by these types of influences is the fact that television and computer games can present violence that can be imitated by the children and are subject to very little control within most homes. Based on the same study, it was presented that due to the fact that the development is composed of both the physiological and behavioral, education can also cause development of the brain (Sylwester, 2005). The study presented a scientific and physiological approach on the changes associated with the influences of the media to the children. The television and other forms of media were presented with fair treatment, presenting both the perceived advantages and disadvantages were presented. Based on the study conducted by Barker and Petley (2001), concern regarding media content is in relation to the behavior of the children is based on the effects of the programs shown in the television especially those that show violence. Although many studies have expressed such notion, based on the study, there is no convincing evidence that points and measures the interrelationship between the two. The researches argue that violence in the televisions has no direct relationship to the changes in behavior of an individual. The access to computer and the internet was surmised to have a very influential role in the development of the children. Like television, the internet and computers have provided new opportunities and realities for learning and education. Also included in the benefits that can be incurred is the development of children are cognitive improvement and communication skills. On the other hand, such freedom to be able to access the computer can greatly effect the possible behavior of the learners when exposed to violence, pornographic materials and other factors that has negative effects (Cleon and Cho, 2005). One of the conventional studies on the effects of media was presented by Johnson (2005). Based on this study, the computer games can bring about the development of analytical skills of children. The skills that can be developed are the problem-solving and logical skills. Various methodologies that can be applied in the course of the study as well flexibility of reference can be utilized. However, a systematic research should be employed to assess and analyze in the involvement and the effects of the media on the knowledge acquisition and cognitive skills of the children (Livingstone, 2004) Procedures To be able to achieve the projected results of the study, different procedure are needed to be employed. The target of the research to be conducted is to determine the effects that can be attributed to the forms of media such as the television and computers. This can be achieved through the employment of the synergy of the different methods of research. Included in the attainment of the educational research there are essential steps that are taken into consideration. The limitations of the study, the planning phase of the research process, and the decision on the most effective research technique to be undertaken are the primary considerations (Cohen, Manion, and Morrison, 2000). †¢ Document/ Study Research The library-cased research focuses on the studies conducted by contemporary researchers on the basis of concepts presented. This can be considered as the qualitative part of the research process that will be the basis of the analysis on the experimental study that will be undertaken (Cohen, Manion, and Morrison, 2000). An online research or related document will serve as another reference assessment method but also as a benchmark of the research to be conducted. Comparison and Contrast of existing and recently conducted researches will be assessed for their implications. †¢ The Experimental Research The experimental part of the research have two main objective: to assess the degree of aggressive behavior that can be attributed to exposure to television and computer games and to determine the specific content, elements or features that can be directly related to aggressive behavior. o Participants The inclusion criteria in the study are the minor students and learners that are between 6 to 16 years old. These are individuals that are exposed to the television and computer technology. ï‚ § Demography †¢ Equal distribution of male and females †¢ Age range is between 6-16 years of age †¢ Currently enrolled in public schools that incorporate television and computers into their curricula †¢ Participants must have access both to computer gaming or entertainment and television †¢ Have significant exposure to television and computer entertainment, minimum of 1 hour daily exposure or total of 7 hours exposure in a week. ï‚ § Psychographics †¢ Must not be pre-diagnosed with any atypical behavioral conditions †¢ View television and computers as primary sources of information, entertainment or distraction †¢ Has no strong opinion regarding the influence of television and computers to his behavior o Number The ideal number of subjects that will be used in the study is 100 randomly selected from the individuals that are chosen on the basis of the inclusion criteria such as age and the exposure to the television or computer. o Instrumentation The study will make use of the survey process specifically questionnaires for the determination of the opinions of the parents on the exposure of the children to the specified forms of media. The objective is to quantify the responses given by the sample population. The method targets the characteristic or issue of interest by soliciting answers through directed questions. Responses are recorded, measured, organized and analysed to be able to come up with the output. o Sampling Process The primary step required is the preparation of the questionnaires that is needed to elicit from the subjects information necessary to accomplish the objectives of the study. Questionnaire will be made to meet closely readability levels as needed by respondents. Randomization will be employed to be able to acquire the quality of the research results. Data gathering will follow validation of responses until number or samples needed are reached. o Validation and valuation The validity can be achieved though the validation techniques employed in the statistical sampling of random samples. Respondent’s validation will be done using demographic and psychographic criteria. Response validation will be indicated through successful accomplishment of survey forms. Valuation of sampling will be conducted through statistical analysis. Correlation analysis and significance testing will be conducted to establish the actual influence levels of television and computer to aggressive behavior and their impact to aggressiveness as a behavior respectively. †¢ Ethical Considerations The aims and the objective of the survey research are not to implicate any form of media to crimes or delinquencies but to be able to assess the viability of the theories on their influence to aggressive behavior developed by children. To be able to undertake such projects permission is sought from the sample population as well as their understanding of the objectives and procedure of the study. Consent from the parents or guardians and all other pertinent authorities must be acquired to facilitate the validity of the study as well as protect the interest of the participants. Results Results of the preliminary investigation showed the possible ways to determine the reasons for the concern of the public regarding the behavioral problems that is encountered. The preliminary research presents the overview of the possible justification of concern on the development of aggressive behavior of the children. The integration of contextual library-based and survey research will be presented to determine the validity of hypotheses and its pursuit as a further study. Discussion Based on the gathered data from initial research that was undertaken, a larger part of the population perceive the media as having as a negative influence only on behavior instead of it being a direct cause of behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Literature that showed the television, computer and other electronic visual media can contribute to learning, social orientation and perceptions but are not reflective or indicative of behavior for individuals The concern on the level of exposure to violence and pornography without the guidance of responsible educators, parents and guardians of young children Is considered as the most critical and urgent. Although there is cause for public concern regarding its content and control, the lobby is for responsible programming and reviews rather that greater restriction of limitation of access. References American Association of School Administrators (1991). Learning Styles: Putting Research and Common Sense into Practice. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators Anderson, D., Collins, P. (1988). The impact on childrens education: Televisions influence on cognitive development. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. Barker, M. and Petley, J (2001). Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate. New York: Routledge. Cleon, HJ and Cho, CH. (2005) Children’s Exposure to Negative Internet Content: Effects of Family Context. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, 49 (4), p. 488. Cohen, L. Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2000). Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge. Davis, J. (2002) Types of research methods. Psychological Research Methods 2. Retrieved on October 1, 2006 from http://www.naropa.edu/faculty/johndavis/prm2/types1.html. Griffin, C., Holford, J. Jarvis, P. (2003). The Theory Practice of Learning. London: Kogan Page. Johnson, S. (2005). Everything bad is good for you: How today’s popular culture is actually making us smarter. New York: Riverhead Books. Livingstone, S. (2004) A commentary on the research evidence regarding the effects of food promotion on children. Prepared for the Research Department of the Office of Communication, Department of Media and Communication. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Snieckute, Marija (2004). Juvenile delinquency and the Family. Retrieved on October 1, 2006 from http://www.sociumas.lt/Eng/Nr16/nepilnameciai.asp Sylwester, R. (2005). How to explain a brain: An educator’s handbook of brain terms and cognitive process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Walma van der Molen, Juliette H. and van der Voort Tom H.A (1999). Children Remember More from Television Than Reading. Retrieved on October 1, 2006 from http://www.selfhelpmagazine.com/articles/child_behavior/kidsntv.htm Appendix 1. Age _________ 2. Sex _________ 3. Are you married? _________ 4. Do you have children? _________ 5. Do you have school children? _________ (Refers to school children age 6 – 16 years old only) 6. Are they watching TV almost everyday? _________ 7. How many hours spent in watching TV everyday? _________ 8. Having hard time in stopping them to watch TV? _________ 9. Do they sleep late at night because of TV? _________ 10. Are they committing invalid absences frequently? _________ 12. Do you think too much time in watching TV is the cause of this? _________ 13. Do you think their grades are good, maintained and not going down? ________ 14. Did they normally pass all the subjects? _________ 15. Do you get feedback that they are sleepy in the class session? _________ 16. Do they prefer TV than basketball or other sports? _________

William Butler Yeats Essay -- essays research papers

On June 13 1865 William Butler Yeats was born in Dublin Ireland. From the start Yeats had artistic influences, due to the fact that his father Jack Butler Yeats was a noted Irish painter. He had no formal education until he was eleven, at that time he started at the Godolphin Grammar School in Hammer*censored*h England and later he enrolled in Erasmus Smith High School in Dublin. Throughout his schooling he was considered disappointing student, his studies were inconsistent, he was prone to day dreaming, and poor at sports. In 1884 Yeats found his way to the Metropolitan School for the Arts, here he met a poet by the name of George Russell. Yeats and Russell sheared the same dreams, visions, and the enthusiasm for them. Russell and Yeats soon founded the Dublin Hermetic Society for the purpose of conducting magical experiments. They promoted their idea that "whatever great poets had affirmed in there finest moments was the nearest we could come to an authoritative religion and t hat their mythology and their spirits of wind and water were but literal truth." This sparked Yeats’s interest in the study of the occult. After his experience in the hermetic society he joined the Rosicrucians, Madam H.P. Blavavtsky’s Theosophical Society, and MacGregors Mather’s Order of the Dawn. Yeats consulted spiritualists frequently and engaged in the ritual of conjuring the Irish Gods. The occult research Yeats made was apparent in his poetry. The occult was a source of images to use in his poems, and evedence of this is in all of his works. In1885 Yeats met John O’Leary an Irish Nationalist and Fenian leader. O’Leary played a large role on getting Yeats’s his work first published in The Dublin University Review and directing Yeats’s attention to native Irish sources for inspiration. The influence of O’Leary caused Yeats to take up the Irish writer’s cause. England was trying to destroy all Irish literature in an attempt to anglicize Ireland through a ban on the Gaelic language. O’Leary’s nationalism and opposition to violence impressed many people including Yeats. These views helped shape political views that Yeats would hold for the rest of his life. In 1889Yeats met Maude Gonne, a woman he loved unrequitedly for the rest of his life. Yeats asked Gonne to marry him many times but she always turned him down. Gonne was an Irish patriot and an inspiration to... ...thorn-trees By the waters. I herd the old, old men say, ‘All that’s beautiful drifts away Like the waters.’ This poem was written some time between 1904 and 1910, at this time Yeats would have been between 39 and 45 years old. When Yeats wrote this he probably started to see changes in himself, and when he saw old men he realized how close he was to becoming one of them himself. Because of the subject, I find it strange that e used a lyrical style of writing. To a Squirrel at Kyle-na-no Come play with me; Why should you run Through the shaking tree As though I’d a gun To strike you dead? When all I would do Is scratch your head And let you go. Yeats wrote this poem between 1919 and 1928. I think that this poem has more meaning than just wanting to play with a squirrel. At the time it was written there was some major industrialization going on, so that leads me to believe that the squirrel represents all of nature, and he is trying to enjoy nature. The f act that the squirrel runs away shows that nature knows of mans destructiveness and it doesn’t trust man. What I think Yeats is trying to say is that he really doesn’t agree with industrialization, but again he uses a lyrical style.

Food Availability Essay

This essay will consider the influence of historical and contemporary factors on such staple food as ‘’rice’’. The historical factors that have influence the ability of rice include migration of cultural groups, cash crop farming and farming technology. The contemporary changes of rice will include social, technology, political and economic. Before the Europeans arrived, Australian Aborigines people used hunting and gathering methods to collect food. Native foods were being known such as plants, animals and insects. Firstly, one of the most important historical factors that have influence the ability of rice is migration. Rice was introduced after Australia started to accept migrants from Asia. When people move from one country to another they bring the knowledge ‘’food’’ that they had with them. Therefore, rice has become popular because it is easily steamed or boiled and is eaten at all meals. For example, most migrants are not first generation. The family influence had taught the young family members the culture and beliefs about rice such as how to cook and eat. Secondly, cash crop farming is a type of farming for the purpose of making profit. A transnational company is a large company whose business dealings operate in many counties. Local people work the land and receive an income. For example, the famers will get a higher paid to grow things on the farm that being requested by the companies but the disadvantage is its high to start but then de-values. So, the lack of rice had been struggling in Australia. Thirdly, farming technology. Rice is a very hard staple food because it takes about 2-3 months to grow. Farmers used to use animals such as buffaloes or cows to help them farm. It’s tiring and uses lots of energy but it’s still convenience for people every day needs. Nowadays, Developed countries like Australia uses the knowledge of food production and processing to help to increase the availability of food. Social is influences by society which means that the variety of people inspire what we eat. We are now more understanding of the cultures and lifestyles as we are living in a multicultural world. Australian started to get to know more foods such as Asian, Italian, Mexican, etc†¦ For example, we all know that Asian countries such as China have rice for their everyday meals. We also know that rice goes with every meals and can be eaten with soup and people influence this to one to another. In addition, technology influences microwaves and rice-cookers which mean that we are being able to cook rice faster and easier. For example, you can go out to buy a package of frozen rice and microwaved it for 3 minutes or you can use a rice cooker to cook by putting your rice in and press start. As there are many choices you can keep it warm for a very long hours, non-sticky rice or quick cook. It saves time and labour. Where we look back 200 years ago, we did not have the ability to cook rice like the new technology. Plus, Marketplace is where consumers purchase rice from. The accessibility has been changed because we are able to plant rice ourselves. We have a choice to purchase such as online payments, shopping under one roof and the stores are located most of the places. Also, it’s cheaper than importing rice from overseas. Moreover, the political is a system of government in a country. The Australian government has a protection policy and a control on food imports of foreign products to achieve the goal. The government decides whether to let where rice imported from. For example, back in time, we were not able to import rice into our country because of our restrictions and low economic. To sum up, Economics of food means that people have money to buy food. Without money developing countries won’t have food available. But because we are living in a developed country we are able to have a high living standard compared to the poor countries. Rice is cheap in Australia therefore the lower the prices are the most people tend to spend the money. This money will be recycling. In conclusion, the influence of historical and contemporary factors on a staple food ‘’rice’’ that I’ve made above such as migrants, farming technology, cash crops, social, and technology, political and economic had changed Australia rapidly.

Jackie Kay ”Owl” Essay

The faint, almost invisible, line between child and adult, carefree and responsible, becomes more and more blurry and grey the closer you get to it. First, it is said that you reach adulthood and step into the real world, when you confirm your faith in God, but thrusting that threshold yourself, you just know you are not yet an adult. So then, you postpone it until the age of 18. By then you should be starting your career, or at least have an idea of where you are going, and more importantly you are now legally an adult, with the right to vote and take care of others, but also with the hard realities of facing up to your mistakes. Coming to terms with who you are as you grow up and as an adult is not always the easiest thing. The short story â€Å"Owl† by Jackie Kay treats exactly this subject, of whom you end out to be, and what things you choose to hold on to in life. Jackie Kay chooses in her story to make use of the first-person narrator, and this makes it easier as a reader to identify yourself with the main character Anita. The reader reminisces to own childhood memories and feel like they are in close contact with Anita’s feelings, almost as if they were the reader’s own. When Anita tells her story, she does so by starting out in a flashback from her childhood, with the memory that started it all. The time she went on holiday with her parents and Marion and hers, and they first discovered the screeching barn owl, which would become the foundation for their lifelong friendship. This use of flashback gives the reader a more precise conception of who Anita was as a child, and what made her Barn. As most children Barn was selfish and unable to sympathize. She was not held back by leaving out Sandra when it came to who caused the crowd, and keen neither on giving her an owl-related nickname to include her or even changing her own. When it came to telling white lies to uphold the sacredness of her and Tawny’s new best friendship, she did so without the blink of an eye. As Barn retells the stories of their childhood she leaves little comments, which tells the reader that the pettiness and uncompromising attitude she possessed as a child is no longer with her. She has made a development from child to adult, even though she cannot see it  herself. She notices and analyzes, as she retells, the feelings she put Sandra through by excluding her. This also indicates the change she has made from her age of ten until her forty’s; in spite her own lack of recognizing it. It is later on revealed that the same holiday where Barn and Tawny discovered the barn owl, they also found out that their parents had swapped. This collision of two worlds and confusion over splitting parents keeps coming up in Barns mind. She tells Tawny that she cannot stop thinking about that summer, and at first, one might think that this has to do with the owl that tied their friendship together. However, when looking closer you will realize that her own recent split from a man causes her lingering to this memory. It is briefly brought up by her and Tawny but not really spoken of, which is caused by Barn’s conflicting emotions from her parents split. On one hand, their splitting brought her closer to her best friend and gave her something consistent in her life that she knew would never fail her. On the other, she is scared to be alone, and taking over all the responsibility for herself, becoming an adult. Therefore, she leans on Tawny to be the only trusty thing in her life. The owl in this story seem to have significant meaning to the friendship between Barn and Tawny, and while the owl does symbolize the friendship and the passage between child and grownup, it holds a deeper and more hidden meaning. It symbolizes the burden they have both been carrying on their shoulders ever since that night where they found out about their parents. They have never talked about it and the ignorance of what happened and insecurity about love that followed, all of which yet unexplained, is a contributor to Barns insecurity about who she is even now in her forty’s. As they talk about it and decide to move on they both wake up feeling like the weight have been lifted of their shoulders. And this sweet release is exactly what the heron by the Mersey river resembles. The burden flying away, soaring up, up, up in the sky releasing them from their agony, and taking them back to the simplicity of childhood. Therefore, it seems to be the owl that catches them, brings them in while it is yet another bird, the heron, that is bound to set them free. Tawny’s last comment on how Barn will soon need her wings is Jackie Kay’s way of saying that life is not over just because, you are middle-aged, or you split from your partner or your parents get divorced. Life is only just begun, and I believe that this is the message that Jackie Kay wishes to leave the reader with. You cannot, you must not let the bad things bring you down. Cause if you let them do that then how are supposed to fly?

Enteral Feeding Strategy And Supplementation Requirements Health Essays

Enteral Feeding Strategy And Supplementation Requirements Health Essays Enteral Feeding Strategy And Supplementation Requirements Health Essay Enteral Feeding Strategy And Supplementation Requirements Health Essay Enteric eating is required in preterm baby due to the deficiency of coordination of suction, get downing and take a breathing ( Yu Victor A ; Simmer,2005 ) . Early enteric eating in preterm baby is delayed due to enteric immatureness and the increased hazard of developing necrotising enterocolitis ( NEC ) . However early eating is believed to assist accomplishing ripening in response to stimulation ( Ziegler, 2011 ) . Milk eating can be initiated in the first 24 hours of life and foremilk will be the best option as it is high in protein and immunological factors. Human milk is good for preterm baby because it helps to diminish the rates of late oncoming of sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) , and retinopathy of prematureness ( underwood,2013 ) . , Enteric eating can be initiated by supplying a minimal enteric eating ( MEF ) or trophic eating of 12-24 ml/kg/day of expression or/breast milk on twenty-four hours 1 or 2 of babe s life ( Bombell, 2009 ) . With respects to the method of enteric eating, Hawes et Al, ( 2004 ) concluded that there is deficient informations to back up the everyday use of orogastric forced feeding OGT versus Nasogatric NGT ; in add-on to it is effects on eating, growing and development Milk eatings is provided via tubing either intermittently ( over 10 to 20 proceedingss every two or three hours ) , or continuously utilizing an extract pump. A recent Cochrane reappraisal of 7 research tests affecting 511 VLBW babies found there was no difference in clip to accomplish full enteric provenders, bodily growing and the incidence of NEC between different feeding methods. ( Premj and Chessell,2011 ) . Human milk should be fortified or supplemented to keep optimum nutrition position for preterm baby ( Reali et al, 2010 ) . Supplements with multicomponent fortifiers have been shown to increase weight addition, additive and head growing. However, there are deficient published informations to measure its long term neurodevelopmental and growing results ( Kuschel and Harding, 2009 ) . Human milk is fortified when enteric provender intake exceeds 100 ml/kg/day and should be continued until the baby reaches a weight less than 2kg ( Reali et al, 2010 ) . Multivitamin solution of 1 ml/day and Iron supplementation of 2mg/kg/day at the age of 1 month until 12 months is recommended for VLBW baby feeding human milk ( CPQCC toolkit, 2008 ) Discourse a scheme for originating and keeping lactation. The most of import factor in the induction and constitution of lactation is to promote the female parent showing milk within the first 6 hours after bringing. The female parent is encouraged to show 8-10 times in the first 24 hours with bearing in head non to let more than 6 hours gap nightlong ( Jones, 2008 ) . Frequent milk look will assist the growing of milk-producing tissue. The frequence nevertheless can be reduced once the female parent has established a supply of 750-900ml/day by twenty-four hours 10 without set uping on the supply ( Jones, 2008 ) . In add-on to patronize milk look, emptying the chest is of import in exciting milk production. The milk synthesis is believed to be higher in a well-drained chest than in a full chest ( Jones and Spencer, 2007 ) . It should be made clear to the female parent that a little milk volume in the signifier of few small beads is usually expected in the early yearss after bringing ( Jones, 2008 ) . Supplying such information is critical as it will promote the female parent to be less stressed with respect to milk measure hence will better the continuance and care of lactation ( underbrush, 2013 ) Increasing female parent s consciousness through instruction on the importance of breastfeeding and aid by a nurse or lactation adviser during the early phase of lactation will assist female parents to adhere to suckling long plan ( underbrush, 2013 ) . In add-on, female parents should be encouraged to utilize more hindmilk as it is high in protein, fatty acids, energy, and fat-soluble vitamins than the colostrum ( underbrush, 2013 ) . Therefore, to increase milk production and fat content of expressed milk the combination of manus look and electric pumping should be used. ( underwood,2013 ) In the effort of exciting milk production, assorted practical methods are available that can be explained to female parents. These include skin-to-skin ( kangaroo ) attention, non-nutritive Suckling at the chest, chest massage and showing milk near to the baby ( Jones, 2008 ) The Multidisciplinary squad function in the transportation from tubing feeding to breast eating. The passage procedure from tubing feeding to established chest eating requires the support and a coaction of a mulitidisciplinary squad. Oral eating is started when babies are between 32 and 34 hebdomads gestation. However, the passage to unwritten eating can be really ambitious because of neurological immatureness, autonomic disfunctions and un-coordination suck-swallow-breath mechanisms ( Rita et al, 2012 ) . Speech-language therapies ( SLTs ) play an of import function in the clinical appraisal of feeding behaviour and get downing mechanism. In add-on, they are responsible in executing the unwritten motor intercession ( OMI ) ( ASHA, 2004 ) . OMI, including Non Nutritive suction ( NNS ) and unwritten stimulation, can assist in the transitioning from forced feeding to bottle or breast eating ( Arvedson et al. , 2010 ) . Oral stimulation is good in heightening the look constituent of suction, which in bend enhances feeding public presentation of the premature baby. ( Fucil, Gisel and Lau 2005 ) . NNS with silent persons or empty chest accelerates the ripening of the Suckling physiological reaction, taking to the acceleration of the passage from tubing to unwritten eating ( Jones A ; Spencer, 2005 ) . Skin to clamber ( STS ) attention plays a critical portion in the passage period from tubing to breast. STS keeping have been shown to assist the procedure of milk expulsion and the look of larger volume of milk ( Jones A ; Spencer, 2005 ) . In add-on STS consequences in developing positive behaviors such as rooting, talking and traveling towards the nipple country ( Jones A ; Spencer, 2005 ) . The neonatal nurse can help the female parent with STS keeping and explicate the importance of this attention in order to accomplish optimum eating development. Correct fond regard and positioning during suckling are of import in accomplishing better milk flow and transportation. As such it is of import for lactation adviser or neonatal nurse to learn the female parent in doing certain that the baby obtains an equal seal, sufficient negative force per unit area and equal Suckling mechanism ( Jones A ; Spencer, 2005 ) . There are many places which are recommended when suckling the preterm. These are flexure place, football clasp place and cross cradle place ( Jones A ; Spencer, 2005 ) . Explore the grounds for growing diminution ( 2 hebdomads after discharge ) in and propose a scope of feeding options to better nutritionary consumption. Many really low birth weight ( VLBW ) babies have alimentary shortages at the clip of discharge ; this can be related to factors such as Intrauterine growing deceleration and postpartum growing deceleration ( susan A ; Carlson, 2005 ) . Intrauterine growing deceleration is the hazard factor of hapless growing in the first twelvemonth of life for VLBW babies. In add-on decrease in entire energy consumption and the usage of corticoids can lend to the growing diminution or the decrease of additive growing at the clip of discharge ( Susan A ; Carlson, 2005 ) . Increased demand of high volume of chest milk ingestion and high accelerated of bone mineralization rate at 42-43 hebdomads post-conceptual age are other factors which may lend in the diminution of VLBW baby s weight after infirmary discharge ( King, 2005 ) . Many surveies have shown that chest Federal babies do non turn good compared to formula fed babies after hospital discharge. One account for this is the fact that human milk contain unequal food to back up the demands of VLBW baby during the first 6-12 months after discharge. However there is limited published informations in literature to back up this theory ( Greer, 2007 ) . Two attacks have been suggested to better the alimentary consumption of breast-fed VLBW baby after the infirmary discharge. The first attack is to replace some of breastfeed milk with alimentary enriched station discharge expression ( NEPDF ) ( Griffin and Cooke, 2007 A ; schanler A ; Atkinson, 2005 ) . Mothers can be advised to replace one to two tierces of chest provenders to the NEPDF. This pattern will assist to fulfill the baby who may necessitate feeding every 2 -3 hours. Mothers can be advised to give the expression at dark for the intent of leting a complete dark remainder, therefore cut downing mother s weariness and increasing the breastfeeding continuance ( Griffin and Cooke,2007 ) The 2nd attack is the munition of uttered human milk with either NEPDF to 90cal/100ml or 2 packages of human milk fortifier per 100mL ( Griffin and Cooke, 2007 ) . Although the usage of human milk fortifier during the station discharge period is non a suited and everyday pattern as such supplementation may forestall feeding at chest. Furthermore the concentration of the alimentary concentration in human milk fortifiers might be excessively high as the infant range near-term gestational age ( Heiman A ; Schanler, 2007 ) . However, recent survey by Zachariassen et Al ( 2011 ) showed that munition of breastmilk had improved the weight of female baby during the intercession period but non at 12 month corrected age. In add-on, the survey have shown that PDF feed baby had better betterment in weight compared to those fed by mother milk with or without munition. Weaning diet advice and the grounds for it. The kid is 25 hebdomads old ( ~ 6 month uncorrected age ) and ~ 3 months corrected age, therefore the female parent can be advised to get down ablactating. Preterm may be ready debut of to be introduced for solid nutrient between the age 5-8 months uncorrected age. However it is recommended to wait until the kid completes 3 month corrected age as the kid will hold good caput control development ( King, 2009 ) . Equally good as holding limited with energy, entirely breastfeed preterm babies may be iron depleted by about 2 months. Therefore, the debut of ablactation may assist the care of Fe position and good energy demand supply ( King, 2009 ) . The female parent can be advised to detect the preparedness cues prior to the debut of solid food- See appendix 1 ( Bliss, 2011 ) . The female parent should besides be advised to give soft texture at the initial phase of ablactating and so easy advancement to lumpy texture or finger nutrient at around 9 months uncorrected age ( King, 2009 ) . It is of import to promote the female parent to let the kid to hold self feeding. Self eating may assist the kid to accept assortment of different textures. It besides allows the kid to visualise and research the nutrient before seeking to set it in the oral cavity ( King, 2009 ) . Mothers could be advised on first nutrient to offer the kid for illustration babe rice, strain fruit or veggies and meat and in add-on the measure should be explained. It should besides be advised to get down few teaspoon and bit by bit construct on the sum with one repast a twenty-four hours followed by the debut of two repasts a twenty-four hours within one or two hebdomads. ( Bliss, 2011 ) Mention: Schanler, R A ; Atkinson, SA.,2005. In: RC.Tsang, R.Uauy, B.Koletzko, S. Zlotkin, eds 2005. Nutrition of the Preterm Infant: Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines, 2nd edition. Cincinnati, OH: Digital Education Publishing Inc. Yu Victor A ; Simmer K. ,2005. In: RC.Tsang, R.Uauy, B.Koletzko, S. Zlotkin, eds 2005. Nutrition of the Preterm Infant: Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines, 2nd edition. Cincinnati, OH: Digital Education Publishing Inc. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2004. Functions of speech-language diagnosticians in the neonatal intensive attention unit: Position statement. Available at: www.asha.org/policy. Fucil, S. Gisel, EG and Lau, C. , 2005.Effect of an unwritten stimulation plan on sucking skill ripening of preterm babies. Developmental Medicine A ; Child Neurology, 47, p.158-162. Jones, E and Spencer, SA. , 2005. How to accomplish successful preterm breastfeeding. Infant,1 ( 4 ) , p. 111-115. Arvedson, J. Clark, H. Lazarus, C. Schooling, T and Frymark, T, 200. Evidence-Based Systematic Reappraisal: Effectss of Oral Motor Interventions on Feeding and Swallowing in Preterm Infants. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology,19, P. 321-340. King C, 2005.Feeding and Nutrition in the Preterm Infant. In: Tocopherol Jones and C King, 2005. Churchill Livingstone. Ch.8, p118-140. Greer FR,2007.Post-Discharge Nutrition: What Does the Evidence Support? .Semin Perinatol, 31, p.89-95. Griffin, IJ and Cooke, RJ, 2007. Nutrition of Preterm Infants After Hospital Discharge. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 45, S.195-S203. Heiman, H and Schanler, RJ, 2007. Enteric nutrition for premature babies: The function of human milk.Seminars in Fetal A ; Neonatal Medicine, 12, P. 26-34. Zachariassen, G. Faerk, J. Grytter, C. Esberg, BH. Hjelmborg, J. Mortensen, S. Christesen, HT and Halken, S, 2011. Alimentary Enrichment of Mother s Milk and Growth of Very Preterm Infants After Hospital Discharge. Pediatricss 127 ( 4 ) , p995-1003. King, C, 2009. An evidence-based usher to ablactating preterm babies. Paediatric Child Health,19, p405-414. BLISS ( 2011 ) . Weaning your Premature babe. 7th Edition, London BLISS Joint Consensus Statement on Weaning Preterm Babies, 2011. A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bapm.org/nutrition/documents/Joint_consensus_Statement_on_weaning_Preterm_babies2011.pdf. Ziegler, E, 2011. Meeting the Nutritional Needs of the Low-Birth-Weight Infant Ann Nutr Metab,58 ( suppl 1 ) , p8-18 Underbrush, MA, 2013. Human Milk for the Premature Infant.Pediatr Clin N Am, 60, p189-207. hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2012.09.008 Premji, SS and Chessell, L, 2011. Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature babies less than 1500 gms. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews ; ( 11 ) : CD001819. Hawes J, McEwan P, McGuire W, 2004. Nasal versus unwritten path for puting feeding tubings in preterm or low birth weight babies. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews ; ( 3 ) : CD003952 Kuschel, CA. Harding, JE, 200.Multicomponent fortified humanmilk for advancing growing in preterminfants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ; ( 1 ) : CD000343. Bombell S, McGuire W, 2009. Early trophic eating for really low birth weight babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ; ( 1 ) : CD000504. Heiman, H and Schanler, RJ, 2007. Enteric nutrition for premature babies: The function of human milk. Seminars in Fetal A ; Neonatal Medicine, 12, p 26-34. Reali, A. Greco, F. Fanaro, S.Atzei, A. Puddu, M. Moi, M and Fanos, V, 2010. Fortification of maternal milk for really low birth weight ( VLBW ) pre-term newborns. Early Human Development,86, S33-S36

Chicago riots Essays - Red Summer, Free Essays, Term Papers

Chicago riots Essays - Red Summer, Free Essays, Term Papers HIS-2020G The importance of little factors that can lead up to becoming huge and having great effects on actions. For blacks and whites both the riot was just a built up increase of hostility that has been going on for quite some time. One thing can be said though that the Chicago incidents seem to be the more ruthless and aggressive when compared to others. It may have been because of the blacks resiliency not to lie down and to fight back. A lot of the time it causes even more anger to mix when compared to a nonviolent approach. Nevertheless, the Chicago riots and the incidents that led up to it were huge in status. A young black man named Eugene Williams swam past an unseen line of segregation at a popular public beach on Lake Michigan, Chicago. He was stoned by several white bystanders, knocked unconscious and drowned, and his death set off one of the bloodiest riots in Chicagos history. The reason why the Chicago race riots was crazy because of the Eugene Williams situation and doing that time thirty-eight people died (23 African American and 15 white) and over five hundred were injured. You can relate this back to what going on in present time with the police brutality how they killing African American teens for no reason just because they believe they up to no good. The Eugene Williams situation really set things off thats why Chicago had that big on of riots just like when had one Baltimore with the Mike Brown brutality and Trayvon Martin in Miami, Flordia when he was shot in killed because he had jacket on very late night outside. The white man have to believe that he was up to no good which is not fair and African American should be stereotypes as that. Michael Brown, an unarmed black teenager, was shot and killed on Aug. 9, 2014, by Darren Wilson, a white police officer. I believe we can both say this both of my reasons relate to what happen Eugene Williams that primary reason of the Chicago race riots just how start it both of the riots in Miami, Flordia and Baltimore of a killing of a teens just because the white men believe they have the right to do that. The Chicago race riot was not the result of the incident alone. Several factors, including the economic, social and political differences between blacks and whites, the post-war sky and the psychology of race relations in 1919, combined to make Chicago a prime target for this event. Although the riot was a spark for several short-term solutions to the racial tensions, it did little to improve race relations in the long run. It was many years before the nation truly addressed the underlying conflicts that sparked the riot of 1919. WWI provided tons of industrial work and over 400,000 African Americans migrated from the South to Northern cities between 1916-1918 alone. The first Great Migration lasted until 1930, The Great Migration was the movement of 2 million blacks out of the Southern United States to the Northeast, Midwest and West from 1910 to 1930. African Americans migrated to escape racism and prejudice in the south, as well as to seek jobs in industrial cities and resulted in a major shift in where African Americans lived in the United States. Many blacks went north during the great migration due to the fact of believing that they would get better jobs and fair treatment in the north. The Chicago race riot caused by hatred for one another of members of different races in the same community which is crazy. The black people had suffered the brunt of the bloodshed, They had also been arrested by police at twice the rate of whites. Many blacks viewed the migration as a well inspired deliverance from the land of suffering. The south could be hostile, but the north could be careful, cold, and lonely. A group of white men threw stones at Williams, hitting him, and he drowned. When police officers arrived on the scene, they refused to arrest the white man. Which bring me back to Trayvon Martin situation when he was shot in

BUSINESS CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

BUSINESS - Case Study Example Hence, this proposal is being submitted to the management of the company with the express purpose of convincing them to ramp up their online presence. The annual turnover of the book industry runs into billions of dollars and the leading retailers like Amazon, Borders, eBay etc have cornered the lion’s share of the market. This proposal seeks to present a case for an online book store that is modelled along the lines of Amazon and Fictionwise.com with the proposed online version selling physical book as well as e-books. The proposal also covers selling used books and customised books for a specific kind of reader software that is necessary to view and read e-books. The need for this project grew out of the business objectives that were proposed by the management namely that of increasing revenues without diversifying too much away from the core competency of selling books. This proposal is written in a business report format with the summary of the project, the alternative options, the timelines for the project and the expected benefits from the same. A final justification for the project is also provided in the concluding section of the paper. It is hoped that the management of Borders would consider this proposal and the project being considered for the stated objectives as enunciated by them. Borders is a well established book seller and retailer that commands a place in the Top Five book sellers in the United States. Worldwide, Borders has a significant footprint in the way in which it has franchisees and resellers who sell books procured from Borders. The project that is being proposed would involve setting up of the online bookstore that would cover the areas of selling books (physical), e-books and used books. These formats of books are already being sold by Borders with the exception of the e-books. Hence, the proposed project would entail additional costs of setting up the website and the warehouse to stock books along

Plants and Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plants and Animals - Essay Example Paleoethnobotany refers to as the study of relationships between plants and animals, though the use of the archaeological records. The present human beings are aware of how people benefitted from plants for clothing, food, medicine, boats, houses, and a variety of tools and structures. Therefore, in the contemporary society, individuals try to understand the ecological and cultural dynamics of the previous food ways; techniques for producing, procuring, and managing plant resources; and the meaning that plants had to the past human beings (Merlin, 2003). Archeology and paleoethnobotany have a close relationship between themselves. Paleoethnobotany is the sub-field of archeology that deals with the study of plant remains from excavations. Therefore, archeology supports paleoethnobotany by providing the study materials, especially the plant remains. People can be able to understand the relationship between animals and plants through archeology. ... It is apparent that paleobotany differs from paleoethnobotany because paleobotany does not include the relationship between plants and animals, but only considers plant remains in their geological settings (Merlin, 2003). Artifactual and Paleoethnobotanical data A researcher depends on the collected data in order to support or test the hypothesis of a given research. For instance, there has been a need of data to support the hypothetical use of psychoactive drugs in the historical period. Researchers extract most of the data from the literature of disciplines such as archeology, anthropology, palynology, and ethnobotany. Dating of various evidences varies in relative reliability and technique. Artifactual and paleoethnobotanical data are forms of data that provide the archeological evidence for the relationship between plants and man in the previous days (Merlin, 2003). An example of the relationship is how ancient people used the psychoactive drugs. The artifactual data is the subje ct to some type of reconstruction and interpretation (Merlin, 2003). There will be a disagreement regarding the interpretation of the artistic, medicinal, religious, or other practical inspiration of an artifact. Paleoethnobotanical evidence results from the assignment of specimens to specific taxonomic groups, and verification of its putative use by human beings is sometimes contentious (Merlin, 2003). The most reliable archeological information results from the combination of artifactual and paleoethnobotanical evidences (Merlin, 2003). Merlin’s Hypothesis The evidence on use of cannabis for recreation, fiber, medicine, and ceremony is enough to go against Merlin’s hypothesis, which